The Downward Path To Wisdom--A Review Essays - Knowledge

The Downward Path To WisdomA Review Essays - Knowledge The Downward Path To WisdomA Review The Downward Path to Wisdom was, to put it simply, a very confusing story for me to read. I am not exactly sure what message or meaning the author was hoping to pass on to the reader, but it does seem to make the reader feel much pain for little Stephen. Stephen seems to be a resilient young lad. He goes about his daily routines even though he is called dumb and is told how bad and mean he is. Perhaps he doesnt totally understand what his mother and grandmother say, but I know I could understand quite a bit when I was his age. I think he did, but it is not until the end when he sings about hating his family that the reader realizes how smart he actually is. I must say it did surprise me. Another thing that confused me was the time period of the story. It could be a story that takes place in the present, but it also could go back a hundred years, or possibly more. From the dialect, I assume it takes place within the last twenty years or so. Also, I doubt that parents were so cruel to there children many years ago; that is a current problem. Even though The Downward Path to Wisdom was very confusing, I still thought it was a good piece that evoked much emotion within me. [emailprotected]

Names and Dates of Spartan Kings

Names and Dates of Spartan Kings The ancient Greek city of Sparta was ruled by two kings, one from each of the two founding families, Agaidai and Eurypontidae. Spartan kings inherited their  roles, a job filled by the leader of each family. Although not much is known about the kings - note how few of the kings listed below even have regnal dates - ancient historians have pieced together general information about how the government worked. Spartan Monarchical Structure Sparta was a constitutional monarchy, made up of the kings, advised by and (supposedly) controlled by a college of ephors; a council of elders called the Gerousia; and an assembly, known as the Apella or Ecclesia. There were five ephors who were elected annually and swore fealty to Sparta rather than the kings. They were there to  call up the army and receive foreign envoys. The Gerousia was a council made up of men who were over the age of 60; they made decisions in criminal cases. The Ecclesia was made up of every Spartan male full citizen who had attained his 30th birthday; it was led by the ephors and they  supposedly made decisions on when to go to war and who would be the commander in chief.   Dual Kings   Having two kings share power was fairly common in several Bronze Age Indo-European societies; they shared power but had different roles. Like Mycenaean kings in Greece, the Spartans had a political leader (the Eurypontidae kings) and a war leader (the Agaidai kings). Priests were people outside of the regnal pair and neither of the kings was considered sacred - although they could enable contact with the gods, they were never interpreters. They were involved in certain religious or cultic activities, members of the priesthood of Zeus Lacedaemon (a cult group based honoring the mythical king of Laconia) and Zeus Ouranos (Uranus, the primal sky god).   The Spartan kings werent believed to be supernaturally strong or sacred, either. Their role in Spartan life was shouldering certain magisterial and juridical responsibilities. Although this made them relatively weak kings and there was always input from the other pieces of the government on most of the decisions they made, most of the kings were fierce and acted independently most of the time. Remarkable examples of this include the famed first  Leonidas  (ruled 490–480 BCE for the house of Agaidai), who traced his ancestry to Hercules and was featured in the movie 300. Names Dates of the Kings of Sparta House of Agaidai House of Eurypontidai Agis 1 Echestratos Eurypon Leobotas Prytanis Dorrusas Polydectes Agesilaus I Eunomos Archilaus Charillos Teleklos Nikandros Alkamenes Theopompos Polydoros Anaxandridas I Eurykrates Archidamos I Anaxandros Anaxilas Eurykratidas Leotychidas Leon 590-560 Hippocratides 600–575 Anaxandrides II 560–520 Agasicles 575–550 Cleomenes 520–490 Ariston 550–515 Leonidas 490–480 Demaratus 515–491 Pleistrachus 480–459 Leotychides II 491–469 Pausanias 409–395 Agis II 427–399 Agesipolis I 395–380 Agesilaus 399–360 Cleombrotos 380–371 Agesipolis II 371–370 Cleomenes II 370–309 Archidamos II 360–338 Agis III 338–331 Eudamidas I 331– ? Araios I 309–265 Archidamos IV Akrotatos 265–255? Eudamidas II Araios II 255/4–247? Agis IV ?–243 Leonidas 247?–244;243–235 Archidamos V ?–227 Kleombrotos 244–243 [interregnum] 227–219 Kleomenes III 235–219 Lykurgos 219– ? Agesipolis 219– Pelops(Machanidas regent) ?–207 Pelops(Nabis regent) 207–? Nabis ?–192 Sources Chronology of Monarchical Rule (from the now-defunct Herodotus website)Adams, John P. â€Å"The kings of Sparta.†Ã‚  California State University, Northridge.  Ã‚  Lyle, Emily B. Dumezils Three Functions and Indo-European Cosmic Structure. History of Religions 22.1 (1982): 25-44. Print.Miller, Dean A. The Spartan Kingship: Some Extended Notes on Complex Duality. Arethusa 31.1 (1998): 1-17. Print.Parke, H. W. The Deposing of Spartan Kings. The Classical Quarterly 39.3/4 (1945): 106-12. Print.Thomas, C. G. On the Role of the Spartan Kings. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 23.3 (1974): 257-70. Print.

Equity and Common Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and Common Law - Research Paper Example People's only choice was to petition to the King. Later on, the system was changed and then the people's petitions were sent to the Lord Chancellor to deal with. (Development of Law Website) Soon enough the law of equity and the common law started to conflict. The fictional case of Jarndyce and Jarndyce in Bleak House written by Charles Dickens is one classic example of such a case. Litigants would go 'jurisdiction shopping' and often would seek an equitable injunction prohibiting the enforcement of a common law court order. The penalty for disobeying an equitable 'common injunction' and enforcing a common law judgment was imprisonment. (Cockburn & Shirley, 2005) The resolution of the conflict came in the Earl of Oxford's case in 1615 where a judgment of Coke CJ was allegedly obtained by fraud. The Lord Chancellor had issued a common injunction out of the Chancery prohibiting the enforcement of the common law order locking the two courts in a stalemate. Attorney-General at that time, Sir Francis Bacon, upheld the use of the common injunction and concluded that in the event of any conflict between the common law and the equity, equity would prevail. Thus the people's petitions were started to be dealt justly. ... Later in 1870, Equity and Common Law court's administration were fused in England in the Judicature Acts of the 1870s into one unified court system. (Cockburn & Shirley, 2005) Equity Generally, Equity means fairness. But according to the English law, it refers to the body of rules originally enforced only by the Court of the Chancery. It is referred to as a supplement to the common law since it fills in the gaps and makes the English legal system more complete. According to the Farlex Encyclopedia, it is defined as a "System of law supplementing the ordinary rules of law where the application of these would operate harshly in a particular case". Sometimes it is regarded as an attempt to achieve 'natural justice'. Equity created new rights and as a result of it, new procedures were introduced such as the right to subpoena and discovery of documents.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

All Quiet on the Western Front - Essay Example This movie managed to recreate the horrors of war on the screen, with an intensity that was not only gripping and awe-inspiring in those times but has conclusively sustained its relevance and appeal, even today. Lewis Milestone, with an essentially cinematic panache and finesse, managed to unravel the conflict inherent between the youthful yearning for fame and heroism and the frustrating violence and irony that waited for a group of greenhorns who trudged their way to the battlefield, enveloped in an aura of grandeur and great expectations. The theme and cinematographic techniques exploited in the movie were to set the pace for the future war movies. â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† unraveled the basic accouterments of modern warfare, be it gut wrenching hunger and maddening insecurity, disturbing bloodshed and the pain of losing friends, the essential trauma that accompanies an unromantic death, with an intensity that is gripping and unsettling at the same time. Even today, the primary misconception that is the bane of Hollywood war movies is the unrelenting belief that a war movie to be successful has to inevitably rely on the grandeur and mammoth scale of the battle sequences, pepped up by a generous usage of war machinery, fanfare, and special effects. Milestone shattered such notions of magnanimity by letting this movie evolve beyond a spectacular dependence on costly and elaborate battle scenes, to penetrate deep into the recesses of the human psyche that are inherently averse to violence and bloodshed.... nanimity by letting this movie evolve beyond a spectacular dependence on costly and elaborate battle scenes, to penetrate deep into the recesses of human psyche that are inherently averse to violence and bloodshed. The movie is effectively and genuinely interspersed with intense and isolated scenes, which crystallize the actors' sense of fear, guilt and apprehension in an individualistic yet interrelated moment of time, highlighted by an apt usage of montage sequencing, parallel editing and high key lighting. One such awesome scene is the moment when Paul, while searching for safety and security in the trenches had to kill an enemy soldier, in an instinctive and desperate pursuit for survival. The cinematographer deftly managed to catch the trauma and guilt that takeover Paul, as he helplessly watched the prolonged and slow death of an enemy. Not only this, but the director was skillfully able to sustain Paul's disillusionment, guilt and agony for quiet a long time, accentuating its scope with just the right blend of lighting, sound and acting, which bring forth an enervating sense of claustrophobia laced with apprehension that defined the life in the trenches. This scene happened to be one amongst many such scenes that made this movie an everlasting success. The essential challenge before any anti-war movie is to build on the ubiquity and irrationality of war, which is inherently an anti-hero theme. The director is required to sustain and build upon the meaninglessness and futility of violence up to the level where all perceptions pertaining to the well-defined antagonists and protagonists melt and evaporate, making way for the inevitability of death that does not differentiate between a friend and a foe. The movie under consideration qualifies to be an all-time

Interstate conflicts Essay Example for Free

Interstate conflicts Essay Introduction: Interstate conflicts are an integral part of the 21st century. The previous century was dominated by two world wars which were extremely violent and the repercussions of which the world is facing even today. It becomes essential to the study the different dynamics of interstate conflicts in order to expedite the processes of conflict management and resolution. There are different actors in a conflict environment and mass media is an important one among them. It is through mass media that conflicts are communicated to citizens. Mass media influences the citizen’s impression and image of the other i.e. the enemy in question. Proliferation of mass media technology has resulted into mediates conflicts. Conflict is continuously hammered upon the audience by various forms of media and hence the need to critically examine the various aspects of media’s role in conflict. This study deals with the most crucial conflict in South Asia i.e. of India-Pakistan. This conflict has shaped the political and economic situation in the sub-continent. Mass media’s role in the India-Pakistan conflict has been much debated by scholars and media n professionals alike. What has not been explored is the possibility of Peace Journalism as opposed to mainstream War Journalism between the two countries. For this very purpose, the researcher has selected a Peace Journalism campaign named Aman Ki Asha (Hope for Peace). The campaign was launched on January 1st, 2010 by The Times of India (India) and The Jang Group (Pakistan) leading media houses of the respective countries. The campaign intends to create an enabling environment by facilitating dialogue between the two governments, encouraging people-to-people contact, thereby contributing to peace between the two countries. The initiative is the first of its kind by print media in the sub-continent. It seeks to satisfy its quest for peace by discussion on all contentious issues between the two countries through mediums like seminars, conferences, cultural festivals and all other forums of people to people contact. The campaign has also committed itself to positive use of print media to promote the benefits of peace and give space to each others point of view on issues of dispute. So far, Aman Ki Asha has organized literary and music fests, editors conferences, trade conferences and strategic seminars to realize its vision. Peace Journalism in the context of India and Pakistan assumes much importance because media in both the nations have been  vehicles to spread hate and animosity. Dissemination of stereotyped images and conventional messages has been at the forefront of media activity in India and Pakistan. During the Kargil War (1999), media contributed to building up of the war hysteria. Thus, media has essayed a by and large negative role when it comes to promoting peace between the two neighbors. Looking at the above mentioned arguments, Aman Ki Asha offers a different perspective on what kind of role can be played by the media in the course of India-Pakistan conflict. It is a Peace Journalism venture launched for the first time in the media history of the two nations. Its critical examination can offer insights into the workings of the Peace Journalism model in current and conflicting times. Moreover, it comes at a time when there looms a constant threat about a nuclear zed conflict in South As ia. Hence, the campaign has been chosen for the study. HEALTH: Use war as a metaphor for disease one which needs cure Incorporate the idea that was is a disease that has afflicted the people of both countries Peace has been used as a metaphor for a healthy state of mind and body. Healthy and progressive relations between India-Pakistan can be established through peace. Intricate connections between war-disease and peace-health have been affirmed by all the articles under this theme. Cooperating on health issues is seen as a possibility of widening dialogue among citizens of both countries. The articles under this theme depict the campaigns stress on cooperation between soft areas like health, IT, education, agriculture, tourism etc. However, there is no specificity on what kind of mechanisms ought to be developed to counter these health threats. There is not much information available in the articles on what kind of health threats do people in Pakistan face and also no commentary about the need to channelize money being overspent on defense by b oth nations on building better health infrastructure. Thus, there is no correlation established between the concept of perceived threat and neglect of peoples issues in both countries. People-to-People contact through sector-wise cooperation has been emphasized repeatedly but questions about its sustainability and impact have not been addressed at all. The styles in which the three articles have been written is starkly different The stand point taken by all the three stories is  pro-peace and pro-cooperation The article dated November 20, 2011 seeks stories from ordinary people on both sides of the border. It talks about ailing Pakistani children being operated in India free of cost It shows that the existing gap between the two nations can be successfully bridged by its common people. There is no exploration of the facet of Pakistanis contributing to Indian medicine and healthcare in any way but the vice-versa has been reported. (1) BUSINESS/ECONOMY: Business/trade has been identified as another important area of cooperation by the campaign. This is evident from the number of articles devoted to the theme. The articles on business identify visa restrictions prevalent between the two countries as the major hurdle for advancement of economic ties. They contain important statements from policy-makers marking a shift in the attitudes of governments on both sides when it comes to trading. Eg: Statement from Pakistani Commerce Minister first to visit India in 35 years. Trading ties with India for Pakistan are a subject of national interest not only for its government and citizens, but also for its military establishment which speaks volumes about the military being an important stake-holder in the political system of Pakistan. The militarys stake in the peace process may lead to an entirely different set of consequences which has not been debated at all. There is also a passing mention about the arrangement of SAFTA (South Asia Free Trade Agreement) but no analysis of how its workings have been hampered by the discord between India and Pakistan. Apart from increasing trade ties, the two nations as mentioned in the articles can also help each other in building institutions of commerce and capacity building of people in the field of business. Enhancing trade tries is not viewed as being restricted to the easing of the visa regime but has been furthered to action oriented cooperation. A possibility to strengthen regional cooperation through SAARC (South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation) has been envisioned. This shows the desire for normalcy not only in bilateral relations but peace for the entire South Asian region items etc the latter granting the same to Pakistan in 1996.(2) POLICY: Kabul river treaty between Afghanistan and Pakistan and how Indias aid to  Afghan developmental projects is creating mistrust between India and Pakistan. This is in consensus to the Peace Journalism model developed by Galtung which says that peace journalism does not restrict the number of parties in a conflict to two and also reports about other parties which may have an indirect or direct influence on the conflict. The article provides a factual and critical analysis to dispel suspicious thinking on part of Pakistan. This is an important component of peace journalism because if threats of conflict are critically analyzed, then they might reveal certain misconceptions and pre-conceived notions.(3) This a very good example of peace reporting and it stands out among the entire lot of articles mainly because it is analytical in nature as opposed to factual reports. One of the characteristics of peace journalism is looking at larger benefits of peace and cooperation, which this article successfully does. It also prescribes peace alternatives for eg: How India can facilitate an Afghan-Pak water treaty to remove suspicions about its role. CULTURE/ENTERTAINMENT: Culture may not seem to be an obvious avenue of cooperation between the two countries but it is an important one because culture has deep influence and impact on people. It is through culture and different forms of mass media that existing stereotypes can be dismantled. India-Pakistan cooperation in the sector of culture is not an institutionalized one. It has grown by itself. Over the time, Pakistani artists have been accepted whole-heartedly by the Indian audience and they have also gained commercially by being a part of the Indian entertainment industry. Their Pakistani identity has not come in the way of their achieving success in Bollywood. They have made a home for themselves in India, says the article, which essentially signifies the transcendence from rigid to flexible national identities in this case. There is a possibility for greater cooperation in sectors of film and music by the way of cross country productions between India and Pakistan. For eg: An India-Pak film festival. This is a very significant article because the Aman ki Asha campaign itself has been a venue for various cultural exchanges between the two countries through which the ability of culture to bring people together is demonstrated. (4) Civil Society and Peace Activists: A number of civil society organizations and NGOs are working to promote peace  and harmony between two nations. They include among others South Asian Free Media Association (SAFMA), Pakistan, Green circle Organization (GCO), Pakistan, Institute for Secular Studies and Peace (ISSP), Pakistan and Aman Ki Asha (Hope for Peace) a joint venture of two daily newspapers of India and Pakistan. (5) Peace between India and Pakistan has been stubbornly elusive and yet tantalizingly inevitable. This vast subcontinent senses the bounties a peace dividend can deliver to its people yet it recoils from claiming a share. The natural impulse would be to break out of the straitjacket of stated positions and embrace an ideal that promises sustained prosperity to the region, yet there is hesitation. There is a collective paralysis of the will, induced by the trauma of birth, amplified by false starts, mistrust, periodic outbreaks of violence, suspicion, misplaced jingoism and diplomatic doublespeak. Tragically, opportunity knocks unheard on doors bolted on the inside. Opportunism, that appeals to atavistic passions, elicits an instant response to every single knock. It is one of history’s ironies that a people who share so much, refuse to acknowledge their similarities and focus so avidly on their differences. We believe it is time to restore the equilibrium. Public opinion is far too potent a force to be left in the hands of narrow vested interests. The people of today must find its voice and force the rulers to listen. The awaam must write its own placards and fashion its own slogans. The leaders must learn to be led and not blindly followed. Skepticism about the given is often the genesis of faith. This skepticism has been brewing. It can be unleashed to forge a new social compact between the people of this region. The media in India and Pakistan speaks directly to the hearts and minds and stomachs of the people. It can help in writing a final chapter, adding a happy t wist to a story that seemed headed for tragedy. It can do so by shaping the discourse and steering it away from rancour and divisiveness. It has the maturity to recognize the irritants and obstacles to peace and will not take a timid stance towards the more intractable and contentious issues – whether relating to Kashmir, water disputes or the issue of cross-border terrorism. It can offer solutions and nudge the leadership towards a sustained peace process. It can create an enabling environment where new ideas can germinate and bold initiatives can sprout. The media can begin the conversation where a plurality of views and opinions are not drowned out by  shrill voices. It can cleanse polluted mindsets and revive the generosity of spirits which is a distinctive trait of the subcontinent. It can help cool the temperature and wean away the guardians from fortified frontiers. It can argue the case for allocating scarce resources where they are needed the most. We believe that this is an intervention whose time has come. We recognize that set backs will occur but these should not derail the process. We will need t o reach out and pluck the low hanging fruit in the beginning before we aim higher. Issues of trade and commerce, of investments, of financial infrastructure, of cultural exchanges, of religious and medical tourism, of free movement of ideas, of visa regimes, of sporting ties, of connectivity, of reviving existing routes, of market access, of separated families, of the plight of prisoners, will be part of our initial agenda.. They talk to each other about food, about music, about poetry, about films, about theatre and about the prolonged absences spawned by lost years. They share anxieties, discuss rising prices, seek advice on their children’s education, gossip about their in-laws, trade anecdotes and laugh at the foibles of politicians. We want to lower the walls so that the conversation continues. We owe our unborn generations the right to rise out of the depths of poverty, and squalour. It is embarrassing to read the statistics confirming our resistance to positive change in the fields of education, health and poverty alleviation. All social indices are s tacked against us and will remain so unless we scatter the war clouds that menace our skies. There are external elements at work in the region that thrive on the animosity between the two neighbours. They have a stake in keeping the region in turmoil. We need to combat them by making them irrelevant. A surge of goodwill and flexibility on the part of civil society and the media will push these forces back by denying them the raw material that manufactures hate. Our subcontinent needs to follow the footprints left behind by the great poets, sufi saints and the bhakts who preached and practiced love and inclusiveness. This is the land of Tagore and Ghalib, of Bulleh Shah and Kabir, of Nanak and Moinuddin Chisti. It is their spirit that will guide us in this journey. The one and half billion people of this region await the dawning of an age where peace, equality and tranquility prevails. This will happen when every heart beats with Aman ki Asha. What Aman ki Asha has achieved so far: Aman ki Asha has brought about a sea change in perceptions about each other among Indians and Pakistanis. Independent surveys in India and Pakistan have shown that as a result of the Aman ki Asha campaign, every positive perception about Pakistan in India has improved, and every negative perception has decreased. Some of the more significant changes in perception include. Before Aman ki Asha was launched only 4% Indians knew Pakistan’s point of view on the Kashmir; after 12 months of campaigning this increased by 425%, to 17%.(6) 1. The terror perception of Pakistan decreased from 59% to 29%. 2. The hope for sustainable peace in our lifetime increased from 13% to 29% 3. The desire for peace amongst Indians increased from 62% to 82% Indians familiar with and following the Aman ki Asha campaign had an approximately 40% more positive perception about Pakistan than those not familiar with Aman ki Asha. By openly and aggressively campaigning forthe resolution of disputes, establishing trade and investment relations and greater people to people contacts, Aman ki Asha has enabled all other stakeholders , NGOs engaged in peace-building, politicians, the business community and civil society leaders – to openly advocate normalization of relations between Pakistan and India far more rigorously than before. (7) Aman ki Asha has brought the business communities of both countries together in their individual capacities as well as the two largest business associations of India and Pakistan the Pakistan Business Council and the Confederation of Indian Industries. By strongly advocating economic collaboration and making presentations to the Commerce Ministry of Pakistan, Aman ki Asha has provided impetus to Pakistans grant of MFN status to India. By providing a platform for an open and honest discussion on contentious issues and giving voice to the strong desire of the people of both countries for peace, Aman ki Asha has given tremendous confidence to both governments to negotiate with an open mind and show flexibility (during his visit to Pakistan, the then Indian Foreign MinisterS.M. Krishna publicly acknowledged that, â€Å"the sea change in the relations between India and Pakistan during the last two years is largely attributable to the efforts of Aman ki Asha and we now share the optimism of Aman ki Asha†). All mainstream political leaders of Pakistan – Mian Nawaz Sharif, then Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gillani, Altaf Hussain, Imran Khan, Liaqat Baloch – have strongly  endorsed the objectives and the positive contribution of Aman ki Asha. Aman ki Asha has not only captured the imagination of the people of both countries it has drawn wide and vocal support from the international community.(8) Conclusion: From the above analysis, we can conclude that the Aman Ki Asha campaign has focused on events like meetings of elites, dialogues with top level officials, policy makers, and subject experts to stress on sector wise engagement between the two countries. The campaign is an initiative to dismantle stereotypes prevailing in both countries and a subtle critique on the media which relies heavily on nationalistic discourse and demonizing the other. It has provided a scope for voices of peace to be heard and has ventured the path less treaded. It has tried to establish itself as a model of peace journalism by portraying the good work done by people on both sides of the border. The thrust of the campaign comes from the belief that peace can be achieved as a result of cooperation enhanced in different sectors. However, the articles of the campaign do not delve deeper and provide a critical commentary on various peace alternatives that can be made available to India and Pakistan. Certainly, pea ce reporting should be optimistic, but it should also be balanced with the aim of guiding future policy decisions. Many first time initiatives taken up by the campaign have been discussed in the articles (eg: meetings of delegations of subject experts, visit of Pakistan Commerce Minister etc). The campaign has been a platform for elites of the two countries to meet up and exchange ideas. The articles have not covered a single visit of an Indian delegation to Pakistan which may come out as a skewed form of 15 cultural exchange. This is not to conclude that vice-versa exchanges have never taken place. Only they have not been reported in the selected sample for study. The study is limited in the sense of not being able to study the Jang Group of publications for articles about the campaign that have appeared in the Jang newspaper and its other associates. The inability to study the Jang newspaper has been because of the language barrier. The articles in the newspaper are in Urdu. However, future studies can consider including The News International, a daily from Pakistan which has partnered Aman Ki Asha with The Times of India. Studies  including articles from Jang and The News International will be able to provide a more holistic and balanced view of the campaign. Also the paucity of news articles talking about exchanges between common citizens can be attributed to two reasons Since, the campaign is of a continuous nature it may not be possible to deem each exchange and interaction between representatives of both countries as news. Hence, only some which are considered to be important and of news value have been presented in the campaign. Foreign Policy is the domain of the elite and interaction between elites is perceived to be of much more importance than between ordinary citizens to bring about an effective change in the attitudes of policy makers. Despite the lacunae in the articles analyzed, the campaign comes extremely close to the normative prescriptions developed by Galtung for a Peace Journalism model. As has been observed in the data analysis section, all the articles conform to the selected considerations in some or the other way. All considerations may not apply at the same time to a particular article. Through analysis, there has been an attempt to depict the underlying nuances of the documents which may not be quite apparent to the reader. The campaign thus, serves as a Peace Journalism model the first of its kind in the context of India-Pakistan and assumes not just greater importance but also greater responsibility to meet the challenges that lie. References: 1 Patel, T. (2005). News Coverage and Conflict Resolution: Aid or Impediment. Unpublished M.Phil Dissertation, University of Queensland. Australia. 2 http://amankiasha.com/faqs.asp Accessed on February 23, 2012 3 Chattarji, S. (2008). Tracking the Media: Interpretations of Mass Media Discourses in India and Pakistan. Routledge, New Delhi. 4.http://amankiasha.com/joint_statment.asp 5. Alam, I. (2006). Media and Peace in South Asia. Pakistan: Free Media Foundation. 6. Anupama, C. (2007). King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Inidan Cinema. New York: Warner Books. 7. Bhaumik, S. N. (2006). Politics of Indian War Films. Pakistan: South Asian Policy Analysis Network. 8. Holm, A. N. Holm, A. N. (2008). Batting for Peace. Germany: VDM Publishers. Bibliography: 9. Kukreja, V. Singh, M. P. (2008). Democracy, Development and Discontent in South Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. 10. Rao, S. (2010). Shah Rukh Khan: Symbol of Indian Secularism. Pakistan: South Asian Journal. (Journal # 29, named: Cinema in South Asia). 11. Saigol, R. (2006). Ideology and Curriculum in India and Pakistan. Pakistan: South Asian Free Media Association (SAFMA). 12. Gupta, A. (2006). India’s Soft Power. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal. Page # 50-52. New Delhi:

Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Conflicts in Beowulf -- Epic of Beowulf Ess

The Conflicts in Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Brian Wilkie and James Hurt in Literature of the Western World discuss what is perhaps the overriding or central conflict in the poem Beowulf, namely the struggle between good and evil, and how the monsters are representative of the evil side: Ker was answered in 1936 by the critic and novelist J.R.R. Tolkien, author of Lord of the Rings, who argued that â€Å"the monsters are not an inexplicable blunder of taste; they are essential, fundamentally allied to the underlying ideas of the poem, which give it its lofty tone and high seriousness.† For Tolkien, the monsters were symbolic of eternal forces of evil while remaining real monsters (1273). The numerous conflicts within Beowulf are both external and internal. Conflict is how one describes the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist in a literary work (Abrams 225). There is also another type of conflict which Clark describes below and which takes place within the mind and soul of a given character. George Clark in â€Å"The Hero and the Theme† make reference to an interior conflict within the Beowulf hero himself, and how the hero appears to lose this conflict: Although a strong critical movement followed Klaeber in taking Beowulf as a Christian hero or even Christ figure, the most numerous and influential body of postwar critics, including Margaret Goldsmith (1960, 1962, 1970), read the poem as faulting the hero for moral filures according to one or another Christian standard of judgment (see also Bolton 1978). The poem became a neo-Aritotelian tragedy in which the hero’s flaw could be identified as a sin, greed, or pride (279). H. L. Rogers in â€Å"Beowulf’s Three Great Fights† expresses his opinion as a literary critic regard... ...is B. Gummere. http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Library/Classic/beowulf.txt George Clark in â€Å"The Hero and the Theme† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997. Clover, Carol F. â€Å"The Unferth Episode.† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. Ogilvy, J.D.A. and Donald C. Baker. â€Å"Beowulf’s Heroic Death.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998. Clark, George. Beowulf. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Rogers, H. L. â€Å"Beowulf’s Three Great Fights.† In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt, editors. â€Å"Beowulf.† In Literature of the Western World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Conflicts in Beowulf -- Epic of Beowulf Ess The Conflicts in Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Brian Wilkie and James Hurt in Literature of the Western World discuss what is perhaps the overriding or central conflict in the poem Beowulf, namely the struggle between good and evil, and how the monsters are representative of the evil side: Ker was answered in 1936 by the critic and novelist J.R.R. Tolkien, author of Lord of the Rings, who argued that â€Å"the monsters are not an inexplicable blunder of taste; they are essential, fundamentally allied to the underlying ideas of the poem, which give it its lofty tone and high seriousness.† For Tolkien, the monsters were symbolic of eternal forces of evil while remaining real monsters (1273). The numerous conflicts within Beowulf are both external and internal. Conflict is how one describes the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist in a literary work (Abrams 225). There is also another type of conflict which Clark describes below and which takes place within the mind and soul of a given character. George Clark in â€Å"The Hero and the Theme† make reference to an interior conflict within the Beowulf hero himself, and how the hero appears to lose this conflict: Although a strong critical movement followed Klaeber in taking Beowulf as a Christian hero or even Christ figure, the most numerous and influential body of postwar critics, including Margaret Goldsmith (1960, 1962, 1970), read the poem as faulting the hero for moral filures according to one or another Christian standard of judgment (see also Bolton 1978). The poem became a neo-Aritotelian tragedy in which the hero’s flaw could be identified as a sin, greed, or pride (279). H. L. Rogers in â€Å"Beowulf’s Three Great Fights† expresses his opinion as a literary critic regard... ...is B. Gummere. http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Library/Classic/beowulf.txt George Clark in â€Å"The Hero and the Theme† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997. Clover, Carol F. â€Å"The Unferth Episode.† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. Ogilvy, J.D.A. and Donald C. Baker. â€Å"Beowulf’s Heroic Death.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998. Clark, George. Beowulf. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Rogers, H. L. â€Å"Beowulf’s Three Great Fights.† In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt, editors. â€Å"Beowulf.† In Literature of the Western World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.

Forgetting About Something Essay

Have you ever experienced forgetting about something? Like where did you put your pair of socks, where did you leave your car keys, or where did you put your pen? Did you ever wonder why or how this happens? For a period of three (3) days, I tried to observe myself. I used to forget where I put my door key. I realized that I have forgotten where my key in three different situations: – When I need to get out of the room – When something reminded me about keys like doors and door knobs, and – When I saw the usual spot for my room key and the key is not there. As I have researched, forgetting, also called as cue-dependent forgetting, is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory is encoded. There are factors why retrieval of the memory fails. Usually, the information no longer exist in the mind that why a material cannot be found or cannot be recalled. Emotions also play a crucial role. The reason why I forget where I leave my key is that I am always in a hurry. And as I have observed, there are also reasons why I manage to remember where my key is. First, whenever I forgot where my key is, I am in a hurry to get out of the room and I cannot think properly where I last put my key. Then, I remember to recall where I put my key because I saw an object that reminds me of my key such as doors and knobs. Lastly, when I manage to relax for a while and see if I have got everything in order, I tend to look at the spot where I place my key. Being an important object or simply because it is a personal belonging, I have a list on my mind where my important things are. Concluding the activity, when someone is in hurry or feeling excited, the tendency to forget is very possible because there is so much going on with our minds. But once we take time to relax, recall, or back track our activities earlier, we can avoid retrieval failure on our memories. Reference Baddeley, A. D. (1997). Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Taylor and Francis Group.

Monster: Literary Technique and Major Characters Essay

1. Title of the book: The title of the book is Monster. 2. Author’s name: The author of the book is Walter Dean Myers. 3. The year the piece was written: Monster was written in 1999 and published by HarperCollins. 4. Major Characters: The major characters of the story are; Steve Harmon, Kathy O’Brien, and Sandra Petrocelli. 5. Setting(s) of the story: The two settings are: The Detention Center and the Courthouse. Both of these settings are in downtown New York, and events and ideas from one setting transfer to the other. 6.Positive/Negative: In Monster, Sandra Petrocelli is considered or portrayed as negative due to her reasoning and her actions. One example of the negativity of Petrocelli is on page 21 when she refers to both Steve Harmon and James King as â€Å"monsters†. Another way she is portrayed as negative is through the many people she brings to the stand. She attempts to relate the already convicted felons with the innocent-until-proven-guilty James King and Steve Harmon. 7. Literary Techniques: 1. One literary technique used in Monster is foreshadowing. When Steve  says that prison is â€Å"being alone when you are not really alone and about being scared all the time† at the beginning of the story (page 4), it foreshadows the horrible emotional state he will live through both during the trial and even after it’s over. 2. Another literary technique is symbolism, also in the beginning of the book (page 7). Steve uses the blanket to symbolize comfort and safety from the trial and the decision of the jury. His inmate says: â€Å"Ain’t no use putting the blanket over your head, man. You can’t cut this out; this is reality. This is the real deal. † This makes him realize how serious his case is, and as a young man, he does not feel ready to give up his adolescence and his innocence. 3. The last literary technique is a metaphor, and is found right before he jury reaches a verdict (page 269). Myers uses a metaphor in showing Steve’s emotions by writing: â€Å"My case fills me†. In reality, it would mean that he is literally filled by his case, but that isn’t what he means. He means that his case is all that he thinks about: that there are no thoughts or feelings inside of him that do not pertain to his case. 8. Theme Statement: The theme statement of Monster is: Never judge a book by its cover, because it may not fully grasp the message of the content inside. 9. Personal Response: A connection I can make between the text and my own life is that I sometimes befriend someone who is not a perfect role model. I often get judged by who I hang out with and the things that those people do and say. This is how Steve is viewed during the case due to the fact that he knows James King and several other people that Sandra Petrocelli (Assistant District Attorney) calls to the stand. 10. Memorable Quotes: 1.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Most people in our community are decent, hardworking citizens who pursue their own interests legally and without infringing on the rights of others. But there are also monsters in our communities-people who are willing to steal and kill, people who disregard the rights of others. † This quote was said by Sandra Petrocelli (Prosecutor) and was directed towards the jury as part of her opening statement. This quote is significant in several ways, the first being the impact it had on Steve Harmon and his â€Å"movie†: Monster. Another way it was significant was through the minds of the jurors. It was significant because she attempted to isolate them from other people as an effect of their alleged prosecutions; despite the fact that they are innocent until proven guilty. 2. â€Å"I wish Jerry were here. Not in jail, but somehow with me. What would I say to him? Think about all the tomorrows of your life. Yes, that’s would I would say. Think about all the tomorrows of your life. † This quote was written down by Steve inside of his journal. He is debating what he would say to his younger brother Jerry if he was there with him. It is immensely significant due to the fact that he is writing down the advice he wished he had taken himself. He is finally starting to realize that his life (or most of it) may be spent in jail, and he is trying to keep that from happening to his brother. 3. â€Å"They take away your shoelaces and your belt so you can’t kill yourself no matter how bad it is. I guess making you live is part of the punishment. † This quote was written down in his journal as part of his â€Å"movie†. In this part of the story, he is yet to realize the severity of his case and the effect it could have on his life. It is significant because it shows how oblivious he is to what could actually happen to him.

Lockes Government essays

Lockes Government essays The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, and The Second Treatise on Civil Government by John Locke, are two similar works. Lockes work seems to have had an influence on Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Both works were written on government, what it should and should not be. Locke brings the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the rightand sometimes the dutyto withdraw their support and event to rebel. Locke maintained that the state of nature was a happy and tolerant one, that the social contract preserved the preexistent natural rights of the individual to life, liberty, and property, and that the enjoyment of private rights the pursuit of happiness led, in civil society, to the common good. Lockes form of government is simple, yet confusing. Lockes government is broken down into four main areas, the State of Nature ( SN ), the State of War ( SW ), Civil Society ( CS ), and Political Society ( PS ). Locke begins by recognizing the differences between power, in general, and political power in particular. Locke believes political power to be, the power of a magistrate over a subject. (2) The subject remains under the magistrates rule by choice. This brings about the State of Nature. The SN is a state of perfect freedom, no one is controlling others and no one is being controlled, everyone is equal. Locke comes to say that the only way someone can rule over us is if we let them. By doing this we are not abandoning our SN, but remaining in it. It is ones choice to let another preside over them. Our SN is threatened though because we do not have complete control, therefore we come into the State of War. Under SW we have taken away others SN or given up our own. For us to get it back we ...

Sideways and Clockwise

Sideways and Clockwise Sideways and Clockwise Sideways and Clockwise By Maeve Maddox A reader seeks to understand two uses of the English word wise: Can you please suggest how can  we use the word wise. The meaning of wise is related to wisdom (Having or prompted by wisdom or discernment).    But some times I use this when some thing needs to be done in a way. for e.g. day wise, company wise, team wise and so on. Old English had two similarly spelled words derived from the same ProtoGermanic source: wis: learned, wise wise: manner, way It also had two verbs from the same source: witan: to know wisian: to direct or to guide The word wise in the sense of manner survived in two suffix forms: -wise and -ways, giving us such words as always, sideways, likewise and otherwise. Heres Fowlers note on these suffixes: 1. The ending -ways or occasionally -way, is often used indifferently with -wise, is very seldom the only form without one in -wise by its sideperhaps only in always. 2. In a few established words, -wise is alone, esp. clockwise, coastwise, likewise, otherwise, sunwise. 3. In other established words both forms are used, as breadth-, broad-, end-, least-, length-, long-, no-, side-, slant-. 4. In words made for the occasion from nouns, as in Use it clubwise or pokerwise, Go crabwise or frogwise, Worn cloakwise or broochwise or chainwise . . , -wise is now much the commoner. Fowler was writing about 80 years ago, but his observations remain valid. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?Mankind vs. Humankind

UNIFICATION IN GERMANY&IN ITALY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

UNIFICATION IN GERMANY&IN ITALY - Essay Example A cobbler can serve his people but he cannot dominate them in any way. In his speech, Otto von Bismarck laments on the Socialist Law. He said that socialist law should ensure the lives of workers are improved and protected. Citizens should be allowed to self-defense themselves and also help them when they are dissatisfied. Bismarck blamed the social democratic leaders for anxiety to rule citizens without satisfying them. He said his stand is to support absolutist government. He also laments that, it is the responsibility of the state to workers from any accidents that may occur. The state should also protect the workers when they become old. The state should control the private stock companies in order to ensure that workers are not exploited by the employers. Another objective of the state according to Bismarck is to protect the helpless citizens in the society. Bismarck also talked about the way people understand freedom. He said that people have used freedom to mean dominance of the free people over others. He gave an example of freedom of speech which he said that it gives the speaker freedom to dominate. He also said that freedom of church gives priests chances to dominate. He urged that freedom perspective should be changed for the better. This is one of the unifying factors that Bismarck used to unify Germany. John Leighton talks about commune in Paris. In this document, he talks about the centralized nation state that Otto von Bismarck and Lincoln had proposed. A revolt occurred in this nation and French National Guard was sent to suppress but they did it differently. They murdered some of their officers and joined. They later decentralized the area. John talks about the commune. He is complaining to the landlord concerning their responsibilities. He says that without a tenant, landlord would not be gaining any more. Therefore, landlord should be aware of the status of his or her tenants and treat them correctly. Tenants were